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MSS EUR HODGSON/85 Limbu manuscripts: texts of religion and culture 1846 |
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Manuscripts relating to Limbu religion and
culture including worship and prayer by
Phedangbas to the gods of Yakthung
kings, cosmological text known as Phago's book (collected and compiled by
Jobhansing Phago Limbu and
also inaccurately known as as Lakṣmī-saṃvāda),
customs and manners, moral teachings (upadeśa), traditional
beliefs, rituals and prayers related to agricultural cultivation and
harvesting, marriage, comparative vocabulary of Madesyā
(Madeshe or Hindi),
Parvatyā (Parvate or
Nepali), Nevārī (Newar),
Limbu, Lāpchyā (Lepcha), Bhoṭyā (Tibetan dialect spoken along the Himalayan
border), Mechyā (Meche),
Murmi (Tamang), Sunuvār
(Sunwar), Sukhimi Bhoṭyā
(Sikkim Tibetan), Dharmā
Bhoṭyā (Bhutanese Tibetan),
Bhoṭ or Lhasa Bhoṭyā (Lhasa Tibetan), Kirānti (Rai) [vol 83-85/various
fol.various] . |
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1[vol.85 fol(s)1-42] Limbu text concerning Phedangbas
and the cult of the gods of the Yakthung
kings 1903 Marga
sudi 3, date completed Nepali hand-made paper, fine condition, fair writing, ff. 10
and 39-42 blank. |
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Limbu Limbu Nepali |
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Text on the cult of the gods of Limbu Yakthung kings conducted by the Phedangbas with material on Limbu cosmology
and traditional beliefs, remedies for diseases caused by evil agents.
Major subjects covered by the text can be divided into following
points: |
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Limbu cosmology; |
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Origin of different kinds of gods and goddesses representing good and
evil; |
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Origin of different kinds of Limbu priests,
Phedangba (Phedangma), Samba,
Yeba and Yema and their functions; |
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Details of cults of different gods and goddesses, including expenses
and fees of the Limbu priests; |
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This text, with an original Limbu version in Kiranti characters,
Nagari transcription of the Limbu and Nepali translation, was given the
title "phedāṅmāko Laṃbar" by Hodgson's Research Assistant
Khardār Jitmohan. Nepali
title description similar to colophon with dedication to Hodgson and
dates and names of the writers, collectors. |
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2[vol.85 fol(s)43-66b] Text on Limbu religion and culture (dharma and
calana) 1846
? Hand-made but slightly acidic paper, fine condition, fair
writing. |
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Limbu |
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Religious tradition and culture of the
Limbus, description of their areas of settlement, their
well-known 10 forts (gaḍhi or
yak), detailed descriptions of life-cycle rites and
rituals; Nepali title description with Roman transliteration, first four
lines are translated into Nepali, verso of folio 65 has some Limbu
characters with Nagari transliteration in pencil; cross reference for
territorial descriptions of the Limbu region [vol 60/26
fol.240-247] . |
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3[vol.85 fol(s)67-94] Limbu words and phrases from Yakthung text on moral and religious
teachings 1846
? Nepali hand-made paper, fine condition, fair writing, ff.
93-94 are blank. |
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Limbu Limbu Nepali |
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Limbu language (words and phrases from the Yakthung book of religious
and moral teachings); words are numbered and total 1,061 of which 700
are translated from Limbu into Nepali; Nepali
title description with Roman transliteration ("limbuharuko boli
limbuharuko upadesh pustak"), Limbu text with Nepali translation
to folio 81 but then only Limbu. |
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4[vol.85 fol(s)95-108] Limbu text on traditional beliefs,
rituals and prayers related to agricultural cultivation, harvesting and
marriage 1846
? Hand-made Nepali paper, a small section of which is also mixed
with slightly acidic paper, fine condition, fair writing, folio 108 is
blank. |
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Limbu Limbu Nepali |
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Description of traditional beliefs, rituals, prayers and proceedings
related to agricultural cultivation, harvesting and marriage,
agricultural cycle starting from the month of Phagun (March-April);
Nepali title description with Roman transliteration stating
"liṃbuharuko vihāko aur khetipāti gairha vranyā kramako",
original sack number (8) is mentioned in Nepali. |
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5[vol.85 fol(s)109-128] Limbu text of prayer and moral
teachings known as Phago's book (book compiled by Jobhansing Phago Limbu) also
known corruptly as Lakṣmīsaṃvāda 1846
? Nepali hand-made paper, fine condition, fair writing, folio
128 is blank. |
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Limbu Limbu Nepali |
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Collection of religious prayers and moral teachings
(upadeśa) together with some account of Limbu cosmology,
compiled by Phago (Jobhansing Phago) and also inaccurately known as
Lakṣmīsaṃvāda. The work is sometimes referred to as 'Limbu
high culture' or 'the Sanskrit of the Limbus' (liṃbuko
saṃskṛt), introduced in the Nepali text as the teaching or śāstra of Sri
Mubokhangma. |
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This text can also be called a Limbu vocabulary because each word
from this book of prayer has been listed by number and translated
separately in Nepali. |
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Nepali title description with Roman transliteration. |
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6[vol.85 fol(s)129-150 verso] Limbu account of Gorkha-Limbu War
by Jobhansing Phago
Limbu originally collected and written in VE 1900 Copied in
1846 Nepali hand-made paper. |
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Limbu Nepali Newari |
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Limbu account of the Gorkha-Limbu War written by Jobhansing Phago
Limbu in 1900 VE and bilingual (Nepali-Limbu and Newari-Limbu) lists of
phrases at the beginning of folio 129 and on the verso of the final
folio (150); for an English translation see Chemjong
translation unpublished BL. MSS Eur. D537. In his translation
in the final section of MSS Eur D 537, I. S. Chemjong has omitted about
four lines describing the very cruel killings by the Gorkhali army
of Khambu Kiranti men and male children
including babies taken from the womb of pregnant Khambu women (ff.
131-132). See also [Dhungel_2006:52-56]
(available online in June 2011 at
http://himalmag.com/component/content/article/1567-The-long-ago-fight-for-Kirant-identity.html). |
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7[vol.85 fol(s)151-158] Limbu folktales from Yakthung
or Yakthungba
Munthung with Madhyesiyā (Hindi) translation
1846 1846
? Nepali hand-made paper, fine condition, fair writing, folio
158 is blank. |
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Limbu Hindi |
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Limbu folktales from the Yakthung or
Yakthungba Mundhum used for the
study of vocabulary, bilingual with Madhyesiyā (Hindi);
Nepali title description with Roman transliteration reading
"yākthuṃbāhā muṃthuṃ liṃbuharukā dantyākathā." |
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8[vol.85 fol(s)159-278] Comparative vocabularies 1846
? Nepali hand-made paper, fine condition, written in table
format, ff. 221-224 and 227 are blank. |
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Mixed Lepcha |
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Madesyā (Hindi),
Parvatyā (Parbate
or Nepali), Nevārī (Newar), Limbu,
Lāpchyā (Lepcha),
Bhoṭyā (Tibetan or Bhote
dialect spoken along the high Himalayan border areas of Nepal),
Mechyā (Meche, spoken by about
3,000 in the eastern Tarai; equated by Ethnologue
with Bodo, which has 600,000 speakers in
Assam and elsewhere, but treated by some scholars
as an independent language within a Bodo sub-group [van Driem_2001:501]),
Murmi (Tamang), Sunuvār
(Sunwar), Sukhimi Bhoṭyā (Sikkimi or Sikkim Tibetan), Dharmā
Bhoṭyā (Bhutanese Tibetan),
Bhoṭ or Lhasa Bhoṭyā
(Lhasa Tibetan), Kirāti (Rai);
a page long text in a dehāti (=of the Tarai) language
written in Nagari script (folio 220b); names of different ethnic groups
covered in the vocabulary in Roman, a note in Romanized Hindi reading "sabka bolimen
milāyāhuvā" and translated as "matched with languages of all
ethnic groups." For other similar items, see [vol 83-85/02-08
fol.25-278] . |