MSS EUR HODGSON/28 Buddhism 1825-1830
		Excerpts from different Buddhist texts, newly written texts, Āmnāyas, Maṇḍalas, Buddhist prayers, study of Buddhist accounts.
		1 [vol.28 fol(s)1-2] Definition or distinctive characteristics of vajrācārya, bhikṣu, gṛhastha, brahmacarya, āśrama Nepali hand-made paper.
				Sanskrit Newari
				Hodgson's description of the distinctive characteristics of vajrācārya (Bajracharya), bhikṣu, gṛhastha, brahmacarya, āśrama.
		2 [vol.28 fol(s)3-7] Ṣaḍākṣarī mantra (six-lettered mantra) and the hymn of praise (mahimā) to it Nepali hand-made paper.
				Sanskrit Newari
				Ṣaḍākṣarī mantra (six-lettered mantra) and the hymn of praise (mahimā) to it, short form and its popularity in Tibet.
		3 [vol.28 fol(s)8-17] Kalyāṇapañcaviṃśatikā of Amritananda Bandya (Shakya) with authors commentary (ṭīkā) 1827 Nepali hand-made paper.
				Sanskrit
				Full text of the Devatākalyāṇapañcaviṃśatikā written in verses describing iconographic features of major Buddhist deities of the Mahayana School with author's own commentary, including author's additional note of dedication to Hodgson (referred to as Hāḍasan sāheb), English and Farsi title description.
		4 [vol.28 fol(s)18-19] Contents of rites and responsibilities of a Buddhist monk prescribed by different philosophical schools Nepali hand-made paper.
				Sanskrit
				Major rites and responsibilities said to have been prescribed for a Buddhist monk by different 'schools': mahāyāna ('The Great Way'), pratyekayāna ('The Way of the Solitary Buddha') and śrāvakayāna ('The Way of the Disciples'), the distinction between which was emphasised in early Mahayana teachings and is known to Newar Buddhist pandits today. See [Gellner_1992:110]. This distinction was not, however, reflected in any organisational division within Newar Buddhism and is unrelated to the spurious 'schools' of Buddhism which Amritananda appeared to identify in response to Hodgson's leading questions, see [Gellner_1989:??].
		5 [vol.28 fol(s)20] Description of Saptatathāgata Nepali hand-made paper.
				Sanskrit
				Description of Saptatathāgata (seven human Buddhas including 6 pre-Buddhas and the Śākyamuni or Gautam): Vipaśvī, Śikhi, Viśvabhū, Krakuchanda, Kanakamuni, Kāśyapa and Śākyasiṃha. All these seven Buddhas are said to have visited the Kathmandu Valley[Gellner_1992: 193].
		6 [vol.28 fol(s)21] Description of Svabhāvikasaṃsāra Nepali hand-made paper.
				Sanskrit
				Description of Svabhāvikasaṃsāra, excerpt from Lalitavistara (a Mahayana Buddhist text related to legends about the life of Gautam Buddha also used as a text relating to features of Buddha images), Pañcaviṃśtisahasrikā prajñāpāramitā (Perfection of Wisdom Sutra in Twenty-Five Thousand Lines, one of the earliest Mahayana texts possibly dating back to the beginning of the Christian era), see [vol 18/13 fol.270] [vol 96/01 fol.1-8] [vol 103/06 fol.28-37] , Rakṣābhagavatīsapādalakṣa. The Svabhāvikasaṃsāra is one of four saṃsāras or so-called schools of Buddhism in the spurious system apparently suggested to Hodgson by his main informant for Buddhist studies, Amritananda[Hodgson_1874: 55-56][Gellner_1989:??][vol 28/08 fol.28-34] [vol 29/08 fol.19-21] [vol 29/11 fol.54-101] [vol 96/10 fol.60-73] [vol 98/12 fol.71-207] , Farsi title description.
		7 [vol.28 fol(s)22-27] Dharmachakramandala Nepali hand-made and machine-made paper.
				Sanskrit English
				Dharmachakramandala (sacred design showing the 'Wheel of the Law') sketch and description with Nepali, English and Farsi title descriptions, see [vol 26/08 fol.40-62] .
		8 [vol.28 fol(s)28-34] Account of the Four Conceptions of the World Nepali hand-made paper.
				Sanskrit
				Description of the Four Conceptions of the World (four saṃsāra): Svabhāvika, Aiśvarīya or Aiśvarika, Kārmika and Yātnika. These are the names used for Hodgson's four 'schools' of Nepalese Buddhism [Hodgson_1874:55-56] in an analysis which seems to have been misconceived (see note on Item 6). For other manuscripts containing similar subject matter, see [vol 28/06 fol.21] [vol 29/08 fol.19-21] [vol 29/11 fol.54-101] [vol 96/10 fol.60-73] [vol 98/12 fol.71-207] . Nepali and Farsi title description.
		9 [vol.28 fol(s)36-37] The deities (āṃnāyas) Ādi-Buddha and Prajñāpāramitā Nepali hand-made paper
				Sanskrit
				The deities Adi-Buddha (also known as Vajradhara) and Prajñāpāramitā, his consort, according to the description in Guṇakāraṇyavyūha. This text, more properly known as Guṇakāraṇḍavyūha, was probably composed in the 15th Century and is concerned primarily with Avalokiteshwara (known also as Lokeshwara Padmapani) and analysed in [Tuladhar-Douglas_2006:??]. See also [vol 26/24 fol.132-35] [vol 29/16 fol.157-158] [vol 96/17 fol.131-145] [Hodgson_1874:17].
		10 [vol.28 fol(s)38-41] The Mahayana Buddhist prayer 'yedharmmāhetuprabhavā' Nepali hand-made and machine-made paper.
				Sanskrit Nepali
				The prayer containing different versions with Nepali translation and explanation.
		11 [vol.28 fol(s)42-43 (f. 44 not related to this item but the original bundle description)] Kalachakramandala (drawing) Machine-made, broad-sheet paper.
				Sanskrit
				Drawing of the Kalachakramandala ('Diagram of the Wheel of Time') with positions of different divinities shown properly in numerical order. For textual description of the mandala, see [vol 26/11 fol.78-87] .
		12 [vol.28 fol(s)45-46] Praises of Padmapanibodhisattva Nepali hand-made paper.
				Newari
				24 verses of the prayer dedicated to Avalokiteshwara (Lokeshwara Padmapani) and popularly known as amṛtastotra, translated from original Sanskrit into Newari verses by Sudhananda, a Newar poet. Describes an individual's invocation to Avalokiteshvara acknowledging sins committed and the weakness of not being able to control the six organs or to help others, praying for pardon for such weaknesses and sins and for a boon in order to overcome such sinful desires, selfishness and finally asking to be able to follow the moral path of Avalokiteshwara himself, i.e. helping and emancipating others. At the end of the text, there is a clear mention of its title and of the author of the Newar verses. The text is presented as the original work of Sudhananda (sudhānandaviracitaṃ) although it is a translation from Sanskrit.
		13 [vol.28 fol(s)47a-48] List of Buddhist divinities with attributes from different sites Nepali hand-made paper.
				Sanskrit
				Lists copied from the works of Hamilton and Fergusson, with separate pages for each of them; iconographic study.
		14 [vol.28 fol(s)49-50] Dharmadhatu or Vajradhatumandala and Dharmachakramandala Machine-made, broad-sheet paper, sketch drawing.
				Sanskrit
				Drawing of the Dharmadhatumandala or Vajradhatumandala (sacred design showing different qualities, forms and attributions of Buddha) and Dharmachakramandala (sacred design showing the 'Wheel of the Law') with a complete list of divinities and attributes according to their position indicated by numbers. For textual description and name lists only, see [vol 26/05 fol.25-27] [vol 26/08 fol.40-62] [vol 26/09 fol.63-67] . English and Nepali title description, original cross reference to Nepali thangka No. 10 which is not found in the collection.
		15 [vol.28 fol(s)51] Names of Śākyasiṃha Buddha from Lalitavistara Nepali hand-made paper.
				Sanskrit
				120 + 10 names of Śākyasiṃha (the Buddha Gautama or Shakyamuni).
		16 [vol.28 fol(s)52] Pandit Amritananda's account of Buddhist monuments of Bodhagaya Nepali hand-made paper.
				Sanskrit
				Description of Buddhist monuments of Bodhgaya including the correction of the contemporary identification as Hindu of various Buddhist sculptures, shrines and symbols. Includes a drawing of a stone caitya and English title description. For another similar manuscript, see [vol 27/19 fol.140] .
		17 [vol.28 fol(s)53] Names of Buddhist stupas, kuṭāgāras and mandalas Nepali hand-made paper.
				Sanskrit
				Name lists with Nepali, English and Farsi title descriptions. For published drawings of different stupas and kuṭāgāra (a multi-roofed rectangular Nepali-style temple with a chamber for the main deity inside), see [Losty_2004:87-93]. Hodgson's artist selected the Setomachindranath temple of Janabbhal, Kathmandu to draw as an example of a kuṭāgāra-style monument.
		18 [vol.28 fol(s)54] List of selected Buddhist divinities with their attributes and major distinctive features from a mandala Nepali hand-made paper.
				Sanskrit
				As mentioned in the title.
		19 [vol.28 fol(s)54b-55b] Excerpts from Acharya Chandrakirti's Prasannapada-makavṛttisaṃskāraparīkṣā, saṃsargaparīkṣā Nepali hand-made paper.
				Sanskrit
				Excerpts from prakaraṇa (section) 7, 13 and 14 of the scripture mentioned in the title. Chandrakirti was a 7th Century Buddhist philosopher and the Prasannapada is his commentary on a philosophical text known as Mulamadhyamakakārikā by his own mentor, Nagarjuna.
		20 [vol.28 fol(s)56] A charm to be worn on the arm by Bandyas, (Bajracharyas and Shakyas) Nepali hand-made paper.
				Newari
				Mahayana Buddhist prayer including invocation of Tri-ratna, Manjushri and Vajradhara. It seems that the terms 'bandya' (literary Nepali form used by Hodgson, Amritananda and others), 'bānḍyā' or 'bānḍā' (older and current Nepali forms), 'bare' (Newari), 'bhante'/'vante'/'vande' (Pali or Prakrit) all derive from the original Sanskrit term 'vandya' ('venerable'), used exclusively for Buddhist and Hindu monks and spiritual leaders in earlier times and for all spiritually pure and highly respectable individuals including monks, priests and other honourable persons in later days, see also [vol 94/12 fol.64-65] [vol 96/02 fol.9-18] [vol 96/06 fol.42-48] [vol 96/07 fol.50-52] . Hodgson realised that the more formal term Bandya could function as a family name and used this when introducing priests and learned personalities like Amritananda [vol 21/01, 04 fol.1, 11-13, 14-18] [vol 34/01 fol.1] [vol 82/01 fol.1] [vol 53/08 fol.37] , but at other times used less honorific terms Bānḍyā, Bānḍā or even Bānḍe [vol 14/18 fol.208-18] . Amritananda also used to introduce himself by the title or family name Bandya [vol 29/18 fol.160] . Nowadays, the title is used by non-Newars to refer to both Bajracharyas and Shakyas, but by those castes themselves is used only for Shakyas [Gellner_1992:66].
		21 [vol.28 fol(s)57-72] List of Buddhist scriptures from Nepal Nepali hand-made paper.
				Sanskrit
				A list of works procured in Nepal and sent to Calcutta, with English and Farsi title descriptions and a Farsi transcription of the titles of the books sent. The list includes a 'general' category (possibly just copied or preserved in the Valley) and 'Newar scriptures' (authored by Nepali scholars from the Kathmandu Valley). The list can also be seen in Hodgson's published work [Hodgson_1874:1-20, 36-40].
		22 [vol.28 fol(s)73-109] Buddhist āmnāya: extensive with illustrative chart Nepali hand-made paper, ff.104-109 blank.
				Sanskrit
				Details of āmnāya with illustrative chart. The Sanskrit term āmnāya essentially means 'teaching' or 'doctrine', but in Hodgson's manuscripts the word appears to mean a deity. For other manuscripts with similar subject matter, see [vol 26/23 fol.130-131] [vol 27/01 fol.1-18] . Includes English and Nepali title description.
		23 [vol.28 fol(s)110-112] Līnakrama or kālasaṃjñā, excerpt from Triśaṅkusaṃvāda of Divyāvadānamālā Nepali hand-made paper.
				Sanskrit
				Different saṃjñā (perception) and līna (absorption) up to the description of emptiness and the origination of the vāmācāra (left-hand or tantric path). For another manuscript on the same subject, see [vol 27/16 fol.132-135] .